From Leaves to Ecosystems: Using Chlorophyll Fluorescence to Assess Photosynthesis and Plant Function in Ecological Studies

............................................................................................................................................................. 737 I. The Role of Photosynthesis in Ecological Research ..................................................................................... 738 II. Definition and Explanation of Fluorescence Parameters ............................................................................... 739 III. Detecting Stress in Plants at the Leaf and Whole Plant Level ........................................................................741 A. Light Stress .......................................................................................................................................742 B. Low Temperature Stress ...................................................................................................................744 C. Nutrient Stress ..................................................................................................................................745 D. Water Stress .....................................................................................................................................746 IV. Measuring Productivity at the Ecosystem Level .............................................................................................747 A. Eddy Correlation Flux Towers ...........................................................................................................748 B. Models of Productivity using Reflectance Indices .............................................................................748 C. Using Remote Sensing of Chlorophyll Fluorescence in Productivity Models ....................................749 V. Scaling from the Bottom Up — The Role of Species Composition in Ecosystem Dynamics ......................... 750 VI. Concluding Remarks ..................................................................................................................................... 752 Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................................................. 752 References ........................................................................................................................................................... 752